I read How Moses Compiled Genesis by J. Stafford Wright on Friday, 10/4, but have had no opportunity to post my impressions of it till now. That Friday, I did what I did the week previously; I stayed home and did laundry while reading. However in this case, I thought it appropriate to listen to the soundtrack to The Ten Commandments as I read.
Writing in 1946, Wright states that in the war over the Pentateuch, the followers of Wellhausen were winning. But he asserted that conservative scholars need not lose the war. What was needed, in his estimation, was a positive offense from the conservative camp. To argue against a late date for the writing of the Pentateuch was a good defense. But an effort had to be made to demonstrate that Moses indeed did write it. Wright's article, which was from a paper he read at a theological students' conference at Cambridge, was his suggestion for the beginning of such a positive offense, focusing on Genesis. Why did he focus on Genesis? First, because Jewish tradition is unanimous in in attributing it's authorship to Moses. Second, it is obvious that Genesis is closely linked to the rest of the Pentateuch. Even Wellhausen never separated Genesis from from Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The same hand that wrote those books wrote Genesis. And there are portions of the Law which identify Moses as the author. So, if one can make the case for an early date for the writing of Genesis, the same can be done for the rest of the Pentateuch.
Exodus tells us that Moses grew up in Pharaoh's household (Ex. 1:10). Wright states this to be a little before 1500 B.C. (I don't use B.C.E. on this blog. If this were a scholarly paper, perhaps I might force myself to do so.) Here, all the royal princes, as well as the sons of chiefs from across the Empire, were educated. Moses received this very same education (Acts 7: 22). Here Moses would learn to read government documents and histories not only from Egypt, but also from Assyria and Babylon. Through such reading, Moses would become a master in many languages. He would not only have learned the Egyptian and Babylonian languages, he would have learned the Hebrew language as well. The Patriarchs probably abandoned the Sumerian language of Ur and adopted their own dialectical version of the language of Canaan. As Moses came into contact with the Princes from Canaan, he could join in on their conversations. Moses also would have picked up Hebrew from contact with his natural family.
Moses would have learned about the history of his own people from these documents. The Pharaoh's left voluminous records praising their reigns. In these documents, Moses would have come across accounts in the Egyptian language of Joseph, who had ruled Egypt under Pharaoh 350 years before. Most of this history would have been written by Joseph himself. This history would have been nearly lost to the Israelites toiling for their masters. Jacob and Abraham also probably left accounts of their lives which made it into Egyptian archives. Moses would also have discovered genealogies, going all the way back to Adam. He also would have learned of God's dealings with his people,including the promises given to Abraham and his descendants. Moses would concentrate on this theme as he worked to synthesize all this material into one historical account. Moses would be interested in showing that the God revealed in the historical documents was the same God that delivered them from Egypt and gave them the Law. Previously, God had been known by the name El Shaddai. When God revealed himself to Moses, God revealed his name as Yahweh (Ex. 6:3). Yet the name Yahweh appears in various places in Genesis. In this way, Moses was showing his people that their God was the same God that appears in Genesis.
This is only a short summary of only half of Wrights article. Much detail has been left out. The whole article is only 10 pages and is a quick read. I saw it originally on Rob Bradshaw's Biblical StudiesUK website, but it cannot be found there now. It can be found at the link above. The next post in this series will be a review of an article by Edward J. Young on the canon of the Old Testament.
Friday, October 25, 2013
Friday, October 4, 2013
FRIDAY NIGHT FROZEN DINNER AND AN INTELLECTUAL: "OUR LORD'S VIEW OF THE OLD TESTAMENT" BY JOHN W. WENHAM
Last Friday night, some chose to let off steam by going out. Some
stayed home and watched the season premier of Blue Bloods. Not I. I did laundry
and read Our Lord’s View of the Old Testament by John W. Wenham. (It’s been some
time since I posted something for Friday Night Frozen Dinner and an
Intellectual. For an explanation of the title, see the links section of this
blog.) Wenham’s 1953 article examines Christ’s view of the Old Testament in
three areas: Christ’s view of Old Testament as genuine history, his view of the
Old Testament as a guide to ethics, and his views on the inspiration of the Old
Testament. He begins by examining whether one can be completely objective when
studying scripture. There are two dangers to be avoided, according to Wenham.
One is allowing theological prejudices or traditionalism to influence our
scriptural interpretations. The other is to swallow the claims of higher
criticism as being the only valid vehicle of ‘scientific objectivity.’ Wenham
recognizes that some writings are not literal in form. He recognizes that some
biblical passages are poetry, some are parables, some are symbolic, etc. Some
modern evangelicals treat this recognition as a recent occurrence which has yet
to be recognized by those who believe in the inerrancy and divine inspiration
of scripture. Tim Keller propagates this notion in his article Creation,Evolution, and Christian Lay People, where he claims that those who believe in
the historical accuracy of the Genesis account of creation fail to recognize
the different scriptural genres. While Wenham may have some doubts as to
whether certain books of the Bible are to be considered straight forward
historical accounts, such as the book of Jonah, he obviously has a high view of
the inspiration of scripture. His article demonstrates that recognition of the
different genres of scripture does not necessitate doubt of the veracity of any
historical account portrayed in scripture. The fact that he wrote this article
in 1953 demonstrates that this recognition has been around for a long time,
even among those who believe in the divine inspiration of the whole Biblical
cannon.
Wenham demonstrates Jesus’ attitude toward Old Testament
historical narratives as being straight forward records of fact. For a list of
Jesus’ citations of Old Testament historical passages, see here. To those who
argue that the Lord’s use of these passages does not imply he regarded them as
unimpeachable history, Wenham states that Jesus’ use of them seems decisively
to negate such a conclusion. Some may doubt the historicity of the account of
the bronze serpent. They may consider it to be merely a picture of salvation.
Wenham responds to this argument:
“As a mere picture of salvation, the value of the reference
to the wilderness serpent (Jn. iii.14) would be unimpaired even if its
historical basis were destroyed, but nevertheless something is lost if the
close historical parallelism is undermined. Concrete saving acts of God were
wrought upon the perishing in the wilderness church through the uplifting of
the brazen serpent, and concrete saving acts of God will be wrought upon the
perishing in the New Testament age through the uplifted Son of Man. The type
was a picture, but not a mere picture. It was a real participation in God’s
salvation through faith, and to evaporate the type into a mere legend is
certainly to weaken it. There is nothing to suggest that our Lord had any such
thought.”
For Jesus to have taught from such a false premise would
have been dishonest, Wenham writes.
Wenham examines how Jesus applied the Old Testament to
controversial matters, ethics, during his temptation in the wilderness, and
after the resurrection. In his confrontations with the Pharisees and Sadducees,
Jesus never condemned their appeal to the Old Testament; he condemned their
approach to scripture and the erroneous conclusions their approaches produced.
In Mt. 23:23, Jesus condemns the Pharisees not for applying the Law too
rigorously, but for ignoring the weightier matters of the Law. In Mt. 5:17-20,
Jesus taught his disciples not to think he came to abolish the Law and the
Prophets. He came to fulfill them. He said, “…one jot or one tittle will by no
means pass from the law till all is fulfilled.” Whoever breaks the least of
these commands and teaches others to do so will be least in God’s kingdom. Those
who teach and practice them will be great in God’s kingdom. Entry into God’s
kingdom requires righteousness greater than both the scribes and the Pharisees.
The obedience to the Law Jesus demands is first and foremost obedience in the
spirit, but also in the letter. Willful spiritual obtuseness and the
replacement of scripture with religious tradition are the twin evils that
render God’s Word of no effect (Mt. 15:1-9, Mk.7:1-13). The religious leaders
of Jesus’ day, had they really believed Moses, would have believed Jesus (Jn.
5:46-47). “Faith, love, and a right attitude of will are the keys to an
understanding of Moses and of Christ,” Wenham writes. This is true in terms of
ethics. When the young ruler asked Jesus what was required to enter eternal
life, Jesus’ answered by quoting portions of the Ten Commandments and the
injunction from Leviticus to love one’s neighbor as one loves himself. To
expand on Wenham at this point, by leaving out the first four commandments,
Jesus was trying to make the ruler realize his obedience had been external,
that his heart was not in love with his creator. Because of his unwillingness
to love God by obedience from the heart, he walked away from Jesus still in his
sins. Jesus’ use of Old Testament writings during his wilderness temptation clearly
demonstrates his belief that these writings were indeed authoritative. After
his resurrection, Luke writes that Jesus taught his disciples from the Law, the
Prophets, and the Psalms, showing them that these were all fulfilled in him
(Lk. 24:25-27). As the first Christians and those they witnessed to were
primarily Jews, their primary task as they saw it was to prove that Jesus was
indeed the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets.
According to Wenham, there is no evidence in the Gospels
that Jesus believed that the writers of the Old Testament were inspired, but
the writings themselves were not. In fact, the evidence is that Jesus believed
the exact opposite. The Old Testament makes no attempt to hide, or make
excuses, for the sins of its greatest figures, including those who wrote
portions of the Old Testament. The sins of Moses and David are recorded for all
generations to read. Yet Jesus regarded their writings as authoritative because
he regarded the triune God as their author. He prefaced Old Testament
quotations with statements such as “Moses said…” (Mk. 7:10), “…well did Isaiah
prophecy…” (Mk. 7:6, cf. Mt. 13:14). He referred to the abomination of
desolation , “…spoken of by Daniel the prophet…” However, the authority of such
passages as the Ten Commandments doesn’t originate from the fact that Moses
spoke them. These passages have had the impact they have had because they are
commandments from God.
J.W. Wenham later wrote a book dealing more extensively with
these issues; it was entitled Christ and the Bible. Hopefully I may be able to
review it on here one day. If I do, it will be in the distant future, as other
projects call for my attention.
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